Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780–1867) was a French painter and graphic artist, universally recognized as the leader of European Academicism in the 19th century. He received both an artistic and a musical education, studying in the studio of the painter Jacques-Louis David from 1797 to 1801. He lived and worked in Italy from 1806 to 1824 and again from 1835 to 1841, primarily in Rome and Florence (1820–1824). A member of the Institut de France's Académie des Beaux-Arts in the painting class (from 1825, seat No. 5), he served as director of the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1834–1835) and the French Academy in Rome (1835–1840). In his youth, he was a professional musician, playing in the Orchestre du Capitole de Toulouse (1793–1796), and later associated with Niccolò Paganini, Luigi Cherubini, Charles Gounod, Hector Berlioz, and Franz Liszt.